Set Up a Wholly Owned Subsidiary in India from Sweden

How to Set Up a Wholly Owned Subsidiary in India from Sweden

A Wholly Owned Subsidiary (WOS) is the preferred corporate structure for Swedish multinationals entering India with full operational control. Unlike a branch office or liaison office, a WOS is a separate Indian legal entity — incorporated as a Private Limited Company under the Companies Act, 2013 — where the Swedish parent company holds 100% of the equity shares. This structure provides complete independence in operations, limited liability protection for the parent, and the ability to conduct any lawful business activity in India.

With over 280 Swedish companies already operating in India and bilateral trade reaching USD 6.96 billion in 2024, India remains a strategic growth market for Swedish businesses. Major Swedish corporations like IKEA, Volvo, Ericsson, H&M, and SAAB have established wholly owned subsidiaries in India to capitalise on the country's large consumer base, skilled workforce, and improving infrastructure. In March 2025, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between Ericsson, Volvo Group, and Bharti Airtel at the India-Sweden Business Leaders Roundtable, demonstrating continued Swedish commitment to the Indian market.

A WOS gives the Swedish parent company complete control over management decisions, intellectual property, and profit repatriation — without the complexities of managing an Indian joint venture partner. This guide covers every step of the process, from FDI regulatory requirements to post-incorporation compliance.

FDI Route and Regulatory Requirements

Swedish companies setting up a WOS in India benefit from the automatic route for Foreign Direct Investment. Under this route, no prior approval from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) or the Indian government is needed. The Swedish parent company simply invests in its Indian subsidiary and reports the transaction to the RBI within the prescribed timelines.

100% FDI Under Automatic Route

India permits 100% FDI through the automatic route in most sectors, making it straightforward for Swedish companies to establish a WOS. Key sectors where 100% FDI is permitted under the automatic route include:

• Manufacturing (all categories)
• Information technology and IT-enabled services
• E-commerce (marketplace model)
• Food processing and cold chain infrastructure
• Renewable energy and clean technology
• Infrastructure and construction development
• Pharmaceuticals (greenfield projects)
• Auto components and automotive manufacturing

Sectors with FDI Caps

Certain sectors have restrictions even for automatic route investments:

• Defence: 74% under automatic route; beyond 74% requires government approval on a case-by-case basis. Notably, SAAB received approval for 100% FDI in defence manufacturing in 2023.
• Telecom: 100% FDI permitted, with automatic route up to 49% and government approval for the remainder.
• Insurance: Up to 74% under automatic route.
• Banking (private sector): Up to 74% under automatic route.

Press Note 3 — Not Applicable to Sweden

Press Note 3 (2020) imposes additional security screening on investments from countries sharing a land border with India. Sweden is exempt from these restrictions, meaning Swedish investments do not require any additional security clearance.

Key RBI and FEMA Requirements

All WOS establishments must comply with the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) and the Non-Debt Instrument (NDI) Rules. The Swedish parent must ensure that share issuance pricing complies with FDI pricing guidelines — specifically, shares must be issued at or above fair market value as determined by a registered valuer using internationally accepted pricing methodologies.

DTAA Benefits for Swedish Investors

The India-Sweden Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement, in force since January 1, 1998, and amended by a Protocol in 2013, provides substantial tax benefits for wholly owned subsidiaries. For Swedish parent companies receiving income from their Indian subsidiary, the treaty significantly reduces withholding tax rates.

Treaty Rates for WOS Transactions

• Dividends: Withholding tax rate of 10% (domestic rate: 20%). When the Indian WOS distributes profits to the Swedish parent, only 10% is withheld, and the parent can claim a credit in Sweden.
• Interest: Capped at 10% (domestic rate: 20%). Relevant if the Swedish parent provides inter-company loans to the Indian WOS.
• Royalties: Capped at 10% (domestic rate: 10-20%). Applies to technology licensing fees paid by the WOS to the Swedish parent.
• Fees for Technical Services: Capped at 10%. Covers management fees, consulting fees, and technical support charges.

Transfer Pricing Considerations

Transactions between the Swedish parent and the Indian WOS must comply with India's transfer pricing regulations. All inter-company transactions — including management fees, royalties, shared services, and goods transfers — must be conducted at arm's length prices. If the aggregate value of international transactions exceeds INR 1 crore, the WOS must maintain detailed transfer pricing documentation and file Form 3CEB with the income tax return.

Permanent Establishment Risk

Swedish companies should structure their WOS operations carefully to avoid creating a Permanent Establishment (PE) risk for the parent company. If the Indian WOS acts as a dependent agent of the Swedish parent — habitually concluding contracts on its behalf — the Swedish parent may be deemed to have a PE in India, triggering additional tax obligations.

Document Requirements and Authentication

Both Sweden and India are members of the Hague Apostille Convention, which means documents from Sweden must be apostilled for use in India. This is significantly faster than the embassy attestation process required for documents from non-Hague member countries.

Documents from the Swedish Parent Company

• Certificate of Registration (Registreringsbevis) from Bolagsverket (Swedish Companies Registration Office) — apostilled
• Board resolution of the Swedish parent authorising the establishment of an Indian subsidiary and appointing authorised signatories — apostilled
• Memorandum of Association (Bolagsordning) and Articles of Association of the Swedish parent — apostilled
• Latest audited financial statements of the Swedish parent company
• Power of Attorney in favour of the Indian authorised representative — apostilled
• Declaration of source of funds for the investment

Documents for Directors of the Indian WOS

• Passport copies of all proposed directors (notarised and apostilled)
• Proof of residential address (bank statement or utility bill, not older than 2 months) — notarised and apostilled for Swedish directors
• Digital Signature Certificates (DSC) for all directors
• Passport-size photographs
• PAN card of the Indian resident director (if already existing)

Apostille Process in Sweden

Apostilles in Sweden are issued by authorised Notaries Public under the County Administrative Board (Lansstyrelsen). Documents must first be notarised and then presented for apostille. The apostille certificate is a standardised stamp in Swedish, English, German, French, or Spanish. Processing typically takes 3-5 business days.

Step-by-Step Registration Process

Setting up a WOS follows the same incorporation procedure as a Private Limited Company, with additional steps for parent company documentation and RBI compliance.

Step 1: Swedish Parent Company Board Approval

The board of directors of the Swedish parent must pass a formal resolution approving the establishment of an Indian subsidiary, specifying the authorised capital, initial investment amount, names of proposed directors, and the business activities to be undertaken. This resolution must be apostilled.

Step 2: Obtain Digital Signature Certificates

All proposed directors need a Class 3 DSC from an Indian certifying authority. Swedish directors can complete the process through video-based verification. Timeline: 1-2 working days.

Step 3: Apply for DIN via SPICe+

Director Identification Numbers for up to three directors are applied for within the integrated SPICe+ form. A minimum of two directors is required, with at least one being a resident of India.

Step 4: Reserve the Company Name

Submit the proposed name through SPICe+ Part A. For a WOS, the name often incorporates the Swedish parent's brand name followed by "India Private Limited." Name approval takes 2-3 working days.

Step 5: File SPICe+ Part B for Incorporation

File the comprehensive incorporation form including e-MOA, e-AOA, and applications for PAN, TAN, GST registration, EPFO, and ESIC. The authorised capital of the WOS should reflect the intended investment quantum.

Step 6: Receive Certificate of Incorporation

The Registrar of Companies issues the Certificate of Incorporation upon successful verification. Timeline: 7-15 working days from submission.

Step 7: Open Bank Account and Receive Capital

Open a current account with an Authorised Dealer (AD) bank in India. The Swedish parent then remits the share subscription amount via SWIFT transfer. The AD bank credits the funds to the company's account and issues a Foreign Inward Remittance Certificate (FIRC).

Step 8: Allot Shares and File FC-GPR

Allot shares to the Swedish parent within 60 days of receiving the investment funds. File Form FC-GPR on the RBI's FIRMS portal within 30 days of share allotment. This is a critical compliance step — late filing attracts penalties of INR 7,500 plus 0.025% of the investment amount per day of delay.

Timeline and Costs

The WOS setup process is slightly longer than a standard Private Limited Company registration due to the additional parent company documentation and RBI compliance requirements.

Total estimated timeline: 4-8 weeks from Swedish parent board resolution to fully operational WOS.

Total estimated cost: INR 1,00,000-3,00,000 (approximately SEK 11,000-33,000) including government fees, professional fees, and valuation costs. The actual capital investment is separate and determined by the business plan.

Post-Registration Compliance

A WOS in India has extensive ongoing compliance obligations with the MCA, RBI, and Income Tax Department. Maintaining timely compliance is essential to avoid penalties and ensure smooth operations.

Annual MCA Filings

• Annual Return (MGT-7): Filed within 60 days of the AGM.
• Financial Statements (AOC-4): Filed within 30 days of the AGM.
• Board Meetings: Minimum 4 per year with a gap of not more than 120 days.
• Annual General Meeting: Must be held within 6 months of the financial year end.

RBI and FEMA Compliance

• FLA Return: Annual Return on Foreign Liabilities and Assets, due by July 15.
• FC-GPR: Filed within 30 days of every fresh share allotment to the Swedish parent.
• ECB Reporting: If any external commercial borrowings are raised from the parent.
• FEMA compliance: Ongoing monitoring of all cross-border transactions.

Tax Compliance

• Corporate Tax Return: Due by October 31 (November 30 for transfer pricing cases).
• GST Returns: Monthly or quarterly depending on turnover.
• Transfer Pricing Report (Form 3CEB): Due by October 31 if international transactions exceed INR 1 crore.
• TDS Returns: Quarterly filing for all tax deducted at source.
• Advance Tax: Quarterly instalments on June 15, September 15, December 15, and March 15.

Common Challenges for Swedish Companies

Swedish companies setting up a WOS in India face several country-specific challenges that require careful planning.

Capital Structuring and Pricing

Under FEMA regulations, shares in the Indian WOS must be issued at or above fair market value determined by a registered valuer using DCF or other internationally accepted methodologies. This can be complex for initial investments where the subsidiary has no operating history. Work with a qualified FDI advisor to structure the investment optimally.

Transfer Pricing Scrutiny

India's transfer pricing regime is among the most rigorous globally. Swedish parent companies that charge management fees, royalties, or shared service costs to their Indian WOS should ensure comprehensive documentation with benchmarking studies. The Indian tax authorities actively scrutinise inter-company transactions, and adjustments can result in significant tax demands.

Resident Director Requirement

At least one director must have resided in India for a minimum of 182 days in the preceding financial year. Many Swedish companies use a resident director service initially, transitioning to a full-time Indian executive as operations scale.

Repatriation of Profits

While India permits free repatriation of dividends and profits, the process involves specific banking procedures and compliance with dividend repatriation requirements. The 10% withholding rate under the DTAA applies, and proper documentation of the treaty benefit claim is necessary.

Labour Law Complexity

India's labour laws are complex and vary by state. Swedish companies accustomed to Sweden's relatively uniform labour framework should carefully review Indian employment regulations, including the four new Labour Codes being implemented, provident fund obligations, gratuity requirements, and state-specific shop and establishment rules.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a WOS and a regular Private Limited Company in India?

Structurally, a WOS is a Private Limited Company. The term "Wholly Owned Subsidiary" refers to the ownership structure where a single foreign parent holds 100% of the equity shares. The legal form, registration process, and compliance requirements are identical to any Private Limited Company under the Companies Act, 2013.

Can the Swedish parent provide loans to its Indian WOS?

Yes. The Indian WOS can receive External Commercial Borrowings (ECB) from the Swedish parent, subject to RBI regulations on ECB. The interest rate must comply with the all-in-cost ceiling specified by the RBI, and the borrowing must be reported through the ECB-2 return on the RBI's FIRMS portal.

How is the fair market value of WOS shares determined for FC-GPR filing?

A registered valuer must determine the fair market value using internationally accepted pricing methodologies such as Discounted Cash Flow (DCF). For a newly incorporated WOS with no operations, the valuation is typically based on the net asset value plus projected cash flows.

Does the Swedish parent need to visit India for WOS registration?

No. The entire process can be completed remotely. Directors can obtain DSCs through video verification, and apostilled documents can be couriered. However, visiting India is recommended for bank account opening, as some banks prefer in-person KYC verification for the initial account setup.

What happens if we miss the FC-GPR filing deadline?

Late filing of FC-GPR attracts a Late Submission Fee calculated as INR 7,500 plus 0.025% of the investment amount multiplied by the number of days of delay. The penalty is capped at the total investment amount. Persistent non-compliance can result in compounding proceedings under FEMA.

Can a WOS in India have multiple Swedish shareholders?

If multiple Swedish entities hold shares, the company would be classified as a subsidiary (not a wholly owned subsidiary) once a second shareholder is added. A WOS by definition has a single parent holding 100% equity. However, the parent company group can hold shares through a single Swedish holding entity to maintain the WOS structure.