India-Poland DTAA: Complete Treaty Guide

Quick answer: The India-Poland DTAA, as amended by the 2013 Protocol (in force 1 June 2014; effective in India from 1 April 2015), caps withholding tax at 10% on dividends and interest and 15% on royalties and fees for technical services paid to Polish residents, versus India's 20% domestic rate. Interest paid to the Polish government, its subdivisions, or central bank is fully exempt. The treaty also set a 6-month construction PE threshold and added a Limitation of Benefits clause to curb treaty shopping.

Key takeaways:

• Dividends and interest capped at 10%; royalties/FTS capped at 15% (down from 22.5%)
• Domestic Indian rate is 20% for all these payment types
• Interest to Polish government or central bank is fully exempt
• 2013 Protocol entered into force 1 June 2014 and applies in India from 1 April 2015
• Construction PE threshold is 6 months; MLI PPT applies from 1 April 2020

Overview of the India-Poland DTAA

The Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) between India and Poland is a bilateral tax treaty designed to eliminate double taxation of income earned across both jurisdictions and prevent fiscal evasion. Formally titled the "Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the Republic of Poland for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income," this treaty governs the allocation of taxing rights between the two nations.

The agreement covers Indian income tax (including surcharges) and Polish personal income tax (PIT) and corporate income tax (CIT). Both Indian and Polish residents engaged in cross-border trade, investment, or provision of services benefit from reduced withholding tax rates and clear rules on where income should be taxed. Understanding this DTAA is essential for businesses and individuals operating between these two growing economies, particularly given Poland's strategic position as a gateway to the European Union market.

Treaty History and Current Status

The India-Poland DTAA was originally signed on 21 June 1989 in Warsaw and entered into force on 26 October 1989. The treaty broadly follows the OECD Model Tax Convention framework while incorporating source-friendly departures typical of India's treaty practice — a six-month construction PE threshold, a service PE clause, and a dedicated fees-for-technical-services provision.

A significant Amending Protocol was signed on 29 January 2013 in Warsaw, which entered into force on 1 June 2014 and took effect in India from 1 April 2015 (Notification S.O. 2488(E) dated 24 September 2014). This protocol substantially updated the original 1989 treaty, revising key provisions including withholding tax rates on dividends, interest, royalties, and fees for technical services. The protocol also introduced modern anti-abuse provisions including a Limitation of Benefits (LOB) clause under Article 28A.

The India-Poland DTAA is a Covered Tax Agreement (CTA) under the Multilateral Instrument (MLI). The CBDT has released the synthesised text for the India-Poland treaty, incorporating MLI modifications including the Principal Purpose Test (PPT). India ratified the MLI on 25 June 2019 (effective 1 October 2019), and Poland deposited its instrument of ratification on 23 January 2018. The MLI provisions apply to withholding taxes on amounts paid or credited from 1 April 2020 for India.

Key Treaty Articles

The India-Poland DTAA contains detailed provisions across multiple articles governing the taxation of various income types in cross-border transactions.

Business Profits (Article 7)

Business profits of an enterprise of one Contracting State are taxable only in that State unless the enterprise carries on business in the other State through a permanent establishment. If a PE exists, the other State may tax only the profits attributable to that PE. The treaty follows the arm's length principle for profit attribution, requiring that profits be determined as if the PE were a separate and independent enterprise.

Dividends (Article 11)

Dividends paid by a company resident in one State to a resident of the other State may be taxed in both States. However, the source State's tax is capped at 10% of the gross amount of the dividends if the recipient is the beneficial owner. This represents a significant 10 percentage point saving compared to the domestic rate of 20%. Indian payers must comply with section 393(2) of the Income-tax Act, 2025 (Table, Sl. No. 17; section 195 of the Income-tax Act, 1961) and file Forms 145 and 146 (formerly Forms 15CA and 15CB) when remitting dividends.

Interest (Article 12)

Interest arising in one Contracting State paid to a resident of the other State is taxable in both States, but the source State's withholding tax cannot exceed 10% of the gross amount. Interest derived and beneficially owned by the Government, political subdivisions, local authorities, or the central bank of the other State is exempt from source State taxation under Article 12(3)(a). A further exemption under Article 12(3)(b) covers interest on loans or credits extended or endorsed by Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego (BGK) or the Export-Import Bank of India — to the extent attributable to export-import financing — by a public external-trade financing institution, or by any other lender where the loan or credit is approved by the Government of the State in which the interest arises.

Royalties and Fees for Technical Services (Article 13)

Royalties and fees for technical services may be taxed in the source State at a maximum rate of 15% of the gross amount. FTS is defined to include payments for managerial, technical, or consultancy services. The 2013 Protocol revised these rates downward from the original treaty's higher rates of 22.5%, providing a meaningful reduction for technology transfers and consulting arrangements between India and Poland.

Capital Gains (Article 14)

Capital gains from immovable property are taxable where the property is situated. Gains from shares in companies deriving their value principally from immovable property may also be taxed in the property's location State. Gains from alienation of movable property forming part of the business property of a PE are taxable in the PE State. Under Article 14(5), gains from other shares of a company resident in a Contracting State may also be taxed in that State, even where the company is not property-rich. Gains from ships or aircraft operated in international traffic (Article 14(3)) and from residual property (Article 14(6)) are taxable only in the State of residence of the alienator.

Withholding Tax Rates Summary

The following table compares the treaty-reduced rates with India's domestic withholding tax rates for payments to Polish residents. These rates reflect the 2013 Protocol amendments:

The India-Poland DTAA provides substantial tax savings across all payment categories, with dividends and interest enjoying the most significant reductions. For a detailed breakdown of each rate category, refer to our withholding tax rates: India to Poland page.

Permanent Establishment Rules

Article 5 of the India-Poland DTAA defines PE as a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on. The standard PE definition includes places of management, branches, offices, factories, workshops, mines, oil or gas wells, quarries, and other places of natural resource extraction.

Construction PE

A building site, construction, assembly, or installation project, including supervisory activities in connection therewith, constitutes a PE only if it continues for a period exceeding six months. This threshold is shorter than the 12-month standard in the OECD Model, reflecting the treaty's approach to broader PE coverage.

Service PE

Under the 2013 Protocol amendments, the furnishing of services, including consultancy services, by an enterprise through employees or other personnel constitutes a PE if such activities continue (for the same or a connected project) within the other State for a period or periods aggregating more than six months within any twelve-month period. This service PE provision is significant for Polish IT and consulting companies providing services to Indian clients.

Dependent Agent PE

An enterprise is deemed to have a PE if a person acting on its behalf habitually exercises authority to conclude contracts in the name of the enterprise in the other Contracting State. The MLI has further expanded this concept through the PPT, requiring that arrangements be assessed for their principal purpose.

For Polish companies planning India operations, understanding these PE triggers is essential. Our India entry strategy service helps structure operations to manage PE exposure effectively.

Tax Residency and Certificate Requirements

To claim treaty benefits under the India-Poland DTAA, the taxpayer must establish tax residency in either India or Poland. The treaty includes tie-breaker rules for dual residents based on permanent home, centre of vital interests, habitual abode, and nationality.

The key documentation requirements include:

• Tax Residency Certificate (TRC) — Issued by the tax authority of the country of residence. Polish residents must obtain a TRC from the Polish National Revenue Administration (Krajowa Administracja Skarbowa).
• Form 41 (formerly Form 10F) — Required to be furnished by the non-resident to the Indian payer, containing details like status, nationality, TIN, and period of residential status. Must be filed electronically on the Indian income tax portal.
• Self-declaration — Confirming beneficial ownership of the income and that the arrangement is not designed for treaty shopping.

Without valid documentation, the Indian payer must deduct tax at the full domestic rate. Companies should engage FEMA and RBI compliance experts to ensure all regulatory requirements are met when making cross-border payments.

Mutual Agreement Procedure (MAP)

Article 26 of the India-Poland DTAA provides for a Mutual Agreement Procedure to resolve disputes where taxation is not in accordance with the treaty. A resident who considers that actions of one or both States result in taxation not in accordance with the Convention can present the case to the competent authority of the State of residence within three years of the date of receipt of notice of the action resulting in taxation not in accordance with the Agreement.

The competent authorities of India (CBDT) and Poland (Ministry of Finance) shall endeavour to resolve the case by mutual agreement. They may also consult to eliminate double taxation in cases not provided for in the Convention. The 2013 Protocol also introduced expanded information exchange provisions under Article 27 and mutual assistance in collection of taxes under Article 28, strengthening bilateral tax cooperation.

How to Claim Treaty Benefits

Claiming reduced withholding rates under the India-Poland DTAA requires compliance with Indian tax procedures. Here is the step-by-step process:

Step 1: Obtain a Tax Residency Certificate

The Polish recipient must obtain a TRC from the Krajowa Administracja Skarbowa (Polish National Revenue Administration) confirming Polish tax residency for the relevant financial year.

Step 2: Submit Form 41

The non-resident must furnish Form 41 electronically on the Indian income tax e-filing portal. This form requires details including name, status, nationality, tax identification number, period of residential status, and address in Poland.

Step 3: Provide Self-Declaration and No-PE Declaration

A self-declaration confirming beneficial ownership of the income, eligibility under the specific treaty article, and a no-PE declaration (if applicable) confirming that the Polish entity does not have a PE in India to which the income is attributable.

Step 4: Indian Payer Deducts at Treaty Rate

The Indian company deducts TDS at the applicable treaty rate under section 393(2) and remits to the government. The payer must file Form 145 (online) and Form 146 (CA certificate) for remittances exceeding INR 5 lakh.

Step 5: Claim Treaty Relief Under Section 159

The Polish resident claims the treaty rate in India under section 159(4) of the Income-tax Act, 2025 (section 90(2) of the Income-tax Act, 1961), and Poland then relieves double taxation on the same income under the treaty's elimination-of-double-taxation article as applied in Polish law. For comprehensive support through this process, consider our tax advisory services.

If you are a Polish company registering a company in India, understanding treaty benefit procedures from the outset helps optimise your tax structure. Our transfer pricing team ensures intercompany transactions comply with arm's length principles under both Indian and Polish regulations.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the India-Poland DTAA?

The India-Poland DTAA is a bilateral tax treaty originally signed on 21 June 1989, subsequently amended by a Protocol signed on 29 January 2013. It prevents double taxation of the same income in both countries by allocating taxing rights and providing mechanisms for tax relief, including reduced withholding tax rates on dividends (10%), interest (10%), royalties (15%), and fees for technical services (15%).

What are the withholding tax rates on dividends under the India-Poland DTAA?

Under the revised treaty (as amended by the 2013 Protocol), dividends are taxed at a maximum rate of 10% of the gross amount when the recipient is the beneficial owner. This provides a 10 percentage point saving compared to India's domestic rate of 20%.

Is the India-Poland DTAA covered under the Multilateral Instrument (MLI)?

Yes, the India-Poland DTAA is a Covered Tax Agreement under the MLI. The CBDT has released the synthesised text for the India-Poland treaty incorporating MLI modifications, including the Principal Purpose Test (PPT). The MLI provisions apply to withholding taxes from 1 April 2020 for India.

What changes did the 2013 Protocol bring to the India-Poland DTAA?

The 2013 Protocol significantly reduced withholding tax rates: dividends were reduced to 10%, interest to 10%, and royalties/FTS to 15%. It also introduced a service PE provision, expanded information exchange mechanisms under Article 27, added mutual assistance in tax collection under Article 28, and included a Limitation of Benefits clause under Article 28A.

How long must a construction project last to create a PE in Poland or India?

Under Article 5 of the treaty, a building site, construction, assembly, or installation project constitutes a permanent establishment only if it continues for a period exceeding six months. Supervisory activities connected to such projects are also covered under this threshold.

What documents are needed to claim treaty benefits?

To claim reduced rates, the Polish recipient needs a Tax Residency Certificate from the Krajowa Administracja Skarbowa (Polish National Revenue Administration), electronically filed Form 41 on the Indian income tax portal, a self-declaration confirming beneficial ownership, and a no-PE declaration. The Indian payer must file Form 145 and obtain Form 146 for remittances exceeding INR 5 lakh.

How are capital gains from Indian shares taxed for Polish residents?

Capital gains from immovable property are taxable where the property is situated. Gains from shares in companies deriving value principally from immovable property may also be taxed in the property State. Under Article 14(5), gains from other shares of a company resident in a Contracting State may also be taxed in that State — so a Polish resident selling shares of an Indian company can be taxed in India even where the company is not property-rich. Only gains from residual property under Article 14(6) are taxable solely in the seller's State of residence.